diff --git a/packages/backend/src/boot/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/boot/index.ts
index 694682e72..185dab673 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/boot/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/boot/index.ts
@@ -18,62 +18,62 @@ const ev = new Xev();
  * Init process
  */
 export default async function() {
-	process.title = `Calckey (${cluster.isPrimary ? 'master' : 'worker'})`;
-
-	if (cluster.isPrimary || envOption.disableClustering) {
+  process.title = `Calckey (${cluster.isPrimary ? 'master' : 'worker'})`;
+    
+  if (cluster.isPrimary || envOption.disableClustering) {
 		await masterMain();
-
+	    
 		if (cluster.isPrimary) {
-			ev.mount();
+		  ev.mount();
 		}
-	}
-
-	if (cluster.isWorker || envOption.disableClustering) {
+  }
+    
+  if (cluster.isWorker || envOption.disableClustering) {
 		await workerMain();
-	}
-
-	// ユニットテスト時にMisskeyが子プロセスで起動された時のため
-	// それ以外のときは process.send は使えないので弾く
-	if (process.send) {
+  }
+    
+  // For when Calckey is started in a child process during unit testing.
+  // Otherwise, process.send cannot be used, so start it.
+  if (process.send) {
 		process.send('ok');
-	}
+  }
 }
 
 //#region Events
 
 // Listen new workers
 cluster.on('fork', worker => {
-	clusterLogger.debug(`Process forked: [${worker.id}]`);
+  clusterLogger.debug(`Process forked: [${worker.id}]`);
 });
 
 // Listen online workers
 cluster.on('online', worker => {
-	clusterLogger.debug(`Process is now online: [${worker.id}]`);
+  clusterLogger.debug(`Process is now online: [${worker.id}]`);
 });
 
 // Listen for dying workers
 cluster.on('exit', worker => {
-	// Replace the dead worker,
-	// we're not sentimental
-	clusterLogger.error(chalk.red(`[${worker.id}] died :(`));
-	cluster.fork();
+  // Replace the dead worker,
+  // we're not sentimental
+  clusterLogger.error(chalk.red(`[${worker.id}] died :(`));
+  cluster.fork();
 });
 
 // Display detail of unhandled promise rejection
 if (!envOption.quiet) {
-	process.on('unhandledRejection', console.dir);
+  process.on('unhandledRejection', console.dir);
 }
 
 // Display detail of uncaught exception
 process.on('uncaughtException', err => {
-	try {
+  try {
 		logger.error(err);
-	} catch { }
+  } catch { }
 });
 
 // Dying away...
 process.on('exit', code => {
-	logger.info(`The process is going to exit with code ${code}`);
+  logger.info(`The process is going to exit with code ${code}`);
 });
 
 //#endregion
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/models/entities/notification.ts b/packages/backend/src/models/entities/notification.ts
index db3dba363..2cf8a1939 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/models/entities/notification.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/models/entities/notification.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export class Notification {
 	public createdAt: Date;
 
 	/**
-	 * 通知の受信者
+	 * Notification Recipient ID
 	 */
 	@Index()
 	@Column({
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export class Notification {
 	public notifiee: User | null;
 
 	/**
-	 * 通知の送信者(initiator)
+	 * Notification sender (initiator)
 	 */
 	@Index()
 	@Column({
@@ -52,19 +52,19 @@ export class Notification {
 	public notifier: User | null;
 
 	/**
-	 * 通知の種類。
-	 * follow - フォローされた
-	 * mention - 投稿で自分が言及された
-	 * reply - (自分または自分がWatchしている)投稿が返信された
-	 * renote - (自分または自分がWatchしている)投稿がRenoteされた
-	 * quote - (自分または自分がWatchしている)投稿が引用Renoteされた
+	 * Notification types:
+	 * follow - Follow request
+	 * mention - User was referenced in a post.
+	 * reply - A post that a user made (or was watching) has been replied to.
+	 * renote - A post that a user made (or was watching) has been renoted.
+	 * quote - A post that a user made (or was watching) has been quoted and renoted.
 	 * reaction - (自分または自分がWatchしている)投稿にリアクションされた
 	 * pollVote - (自分または自分がWatchしている)投稿のアンケートに投票された
 	 * pollEnded - 自分のアンケートもしくは自分が投票したアンケートが終了した
 	 * receiveFollowRequest - フォローリクエストされた
-	 * followRequestAccepted - 自分の送ったフォローリクエストが承認された
+	 * followRequestAccepted - A follow request has been accepted.
 	 * groupInvited - グループに招待された
-	 * app - アプリ通知
+	 * app - App notifications.
 	 */
 	@Index()
 	@Column('enum', {
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ export class Notification {
 	public type: typeof notificationTypes[number];
 
 	/**
-	 * 通知が読まれたかどうか
+	 * Whether the notification was read.
 	 */
 	@Index()
 	@Column('boolean', {
 		default: false,
-		comment: 'Whether the Notification is read.',
+		comment: 'Whether the notification was read.',
 	})
 	public isRead: boolean;
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ export class Notification {
 	public choice: number | null;
 
 	/**
-	 * アプリ通知のbody
+	 * App notification body
 	 */
 	@Column('varchar', {
 		length: 2048, nullable: true,
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ export class Notification {
 	public customBody: string | null;
 
 	/**
-	 * アプリ通知のheader
-	 * (省略時はアプリ名で表示されることを期待)
+	 * App notification header
+	 * (If omitted, it is expected to be displayed with the app name)
 	 */
 	@Column('varchar', {
 		length: 256, nullable: true,
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ export class Notification {
 	public customHeader: string | null;
 
 	/**
-	 * アプリ通知のicon(URL)
-	 * (省略時はアプリアイコンで表示されることを期待)
+	 * App notification icon (URL)
+	 * (If omitted, it is expected to be displayed as an app icon)
 	 */
 	@Column('varchar', {
 		length: 1024, nullable: true,
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ export class Notification {
 	public customIcon: string | null;
 
 	/**
-	 * アプリ通知のアプリ(のトークン)
+	 * App notification app (token for)
 	 */
 	@Index()
 	@Column({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/note.ts
index 759cb4ae8..d06265941 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/announce/note.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import { Notes } from '@/models/index.js';
 const logger = apLogger;
 
 /**
- * アナウンスアクティビティを捌きます
+ * Handle announcement activities
  */
 export default async function(resolver: Resolver, actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAnnounce, targetUri: string): Promise<void> {
 	const uri = getApId(activity);
@@ -23,25 +23,25 @@ export default async function(resolver: Resolver, actor: CacheableRemoteUser, ac
 		return;
 	}
 
-	// アナウンス先をブロックしてたら中断
+	// Interrupt if you block the announcement destination
 	const meta = await fetchMeta();
 	if (meta.blockedHosts.includes(extractDbHost(uri))) return;
 
 	const unlock = await getApLock(uri);
 
 	try {
-		// 既に同じURIを持つものが登録されていないかチェック
+		// Check if something with the same URI is already registered
 		const exist = await fetchNote(uri);
 		if (exist) {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		// Announce対象をresolve
+		// Resolve Announce target
 		let renote;
 		try {
 			renote = await resolveNote(targetUri);
 		} catch (e) {
-			// 対象が4xxならスキップ
+			// Skip if target is 4xx
 			if (e instanceof StatusError) {
 				if (e.isClientError) {
 					logger.warn(`Ignored announce target ${targetUri} - ${e.statusCode}`);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/note.ts
index f8dabe06e..d7ee2d8c7 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/create/note.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import { extractDbHost } from '@/misc/convert-host.js';
 import { StatusError } from '@/misc/fetch.js';
 
 /**
- * 投稿作成アクティビティを捌きます
+ * Handle post creation activity
  */
 export default async function(resolver: Resolver, actor: CacheableRemoteUser, note: IObject, silent = false, activity?: ICreate): Promise<string> {
 	const uri = getApId(note);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/index.ts
index c7064f553..01ff8f5db 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/index.ts
@@ -5,45 +5,47 @@ import { toSingle } from '@/prelude/array.js';
 import { deleteActor } from './actor.js';
 
 /**
- * 削除アクティビティを捌きます
+ * Handle delete activity
  */
 export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IDelete): Promise<string> => {
-	if ('actor' in activity && actor.uri !== activity.actor) {
+  if ('actor' in activity && actor.uri !== activity.actor) {
 		throw new Error('invalid actor');
-	}
-
-	// 削除対象objectのtype
-	let formerType: string | undefined;
-
+  }
+    
+  // Type of object to be deleted
+  let formerType: string | undefined;
+    
 	if (typeof activity.object === 'string') {
-		// typeが不明だけど、どうせ消えてるのでremote resolveしない
-		formerType = undefined;
+		// The type is unknown, but it has disappeared
+		// anyway, so it does not remote resolve
+	  formerType = undefined;
 	} else {
-		const object = activity.object as IObject;
-		if (isTombstone(object)) {
+	  const object = activity.object as IObject;
+	  if (isTombstone(object)) {
 			formerType = toSingle(object.formerType);
-		} else {
+	  } else {
 			formerType = toSingle(object.type);
-		}
+	  }
 	}
-
-	const uri = getApId(activity.object);
-
-	// type不明でもactorとobjectが同じならばそれはPersonに違いない
-	if (!formerType && actor.uri === uri) {
+    
+  const uri = getApId(activity.object);
+    
+  // Even if type is unknown, if actor and object are the same,
+  // it must be `Person`.
+  if (!formerType && actor.uri === uri) {
 		formerType = 'Person';
-	}
+  }
 
-	// それでもなかったらおそらくNote
-	if (!formerType) {
+	// If not, fallback to `Note`.
+  if (!formerType) {
 		formerType = 'Note';
-	}
+  }
 
-	if (validPost.includes(formerType)) {
+  if (validPost.includes(formerType)) {
 		return await deleteNote(actor, uri);
-	} else if (validActor.includes(formerType)) {
+  } else if (validActor.includes(formerType)) {
 		return await deleteActor(actor, uri);
-	} else {
+  } else {
 		return `Unknown type ${formerType}`;
-	}
+  }
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/note.ts
index 1f44c3556..df416b2ba 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/delete/note.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ export default async function(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, uri: string): Promise<
 			if (message == null) return 'message not found';
 
 			if (message.userId !== actor.id) {
-				return '投稿を削除しようとしているユーザーは投稿の作成者ではありません';
+				return 'The user trying to delete the post is not the post author';
 			}
 
 			await deleteMessage(message);
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export default async function(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, uri: string): Promise<
 		}
 
 		if (note.userId !== actor.id) {
-			return '投稿を削除しようとしているユーザーは投稿の作成者ではありません';
+			return 'The user trying to delete the post is not the post author';
 		}
 
 		await deleteNode(actor, note);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/flag/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/flag/index.ts
index aa2f1f536..53e5daa51 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/flag/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/flag/index.ts
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ import { In } from 'typeorm';
 import { genId } from '@/misc/gen-id.js';
 
 export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IFlag): Promise<string> => {
-	// objectは `(User|Note) | (User|Note)[]` だけど、全パターンDBスキーマと対応させられないので
-	// 対象ユーザーは一番最初のユーザー として あとはコメントとして格納する
+	// The object is `(User | Note) | (User | Note) []`, but it cannot be
+  // matched with all patterns of the DB schema, so the target user is the first
+  // user and it is stored as a comment.
 	const uris = getApIds(activity.object);
 
 	const userIds = uris.filter(uri => uri.startsWith(config.url + '/users/')).map(uri => uri.split('/').pop()!);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/follow.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/follow.ts
index a9e92fa22..5cd1ec82b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/follow.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/follow.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IFollow): Promise<st
 	}
 
 	if (followee.host != null) {
-		return `skip: フォローしようとしているユーザーはローカルユーザーではありません`;
+		return `skip: user you are trying to follow is not a local user`;
 	}
 
 	await follow(actor, followee, activity.id);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/follow.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/follow.ts
index 824ac69d7..6e24fe752 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/follow.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/reject/follow.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { relayRejected } from '@/services/relay.js';
 import { Users } from '@/models/index.js';
 
 export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IFollow): Promise<string> => {
-	// ※ activityはこっちから投げたフォローリクエストなので、activity.actorは存在するローカルユーザーである必要がある
+	// ※ `activity.actor` must be an existing local user, since `activity` is a follow request thrown from us.
 
 	const dbResolver = new DbResolver();
 	const follower = await dbResolver.getUserFromApId(activity.actor);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts
index a6e3929b0..39ef92363 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/accept.ts
@@ -23,5 +23,5 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IAccept): Promise<st
 		return `ok: unfollowed`;
 	}
 
-	return `skip: フォローされていない`;
+	return `skip: skip: not followed`; 
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/block.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/block.ts
index 4ac669857..152905167 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/block.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/block.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IBlock): Promise<str
 	}
 
 	if (blockee.host != null) {
-		return `skip: ブロック解除しようとしているユーザーはローカルユーザーではありません`;
+		return `skip: The user you are trying to unblock is not a local user`;
 	}
 
 	await unblock(await Users.findOneByOrFail({ id: actor.id }), blockee);
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/follow.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/follow.ts
index 6a43c1444..0fa58f735 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/follow.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/undo/follow.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IFollow): Promise<st
 	}
 
 	if (followee.host != null) {
-		return `skip: フォロー解除しようとしているユーザーはローカルユーザーではありません`;
+		return `skip: The user you are trying to unfollow is not a local user`;
 	}
 
 	const req = await FollowRequests.findOneBy({
@@ -37,5 +37,5 @@ export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IFollow): Promise<st
 		return `ok: unfollowed`;
 	}
 
-	return `skip: リクエストもフォローもされていない`;
+	return `skip: Not requested or followed`;
 };
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts
index 022be0ad8..704980c46 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/kernel/update/index.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import Resolver from '../../resolver.js';
 import { updatePerson } from '../../models/person.js';
 
 /**
- * Updateアクティビティを捌きます
+ * Handler for the Update activity
  */
 export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IUpdate): Promise<string> => {
 	if ('actor' in activity && actor.uri !== activity.actor) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts
index 102b7b134..1fa90ff50 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/image.ts
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ import { DB_MAX_IMAGE_COMMENT_LENGTH } from '@/misc/hard-limits.js';
 const logger = apLogger;
 
 /**
- * Imageを作成します。
+ * create an Image.
  */
 export async function createImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promise<DriveFile> {
-	// 投稿者が凍結されていたらスキップ
+	// Skip if author is frozen.
 	if (actor.isSuspended) {
 		throw new Error('actor has been suspended');
 	}
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ export async function createImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promi
 	});
 
 	if (file.isLink) {
-		// URLが異なっている場合、同じ画像が以前に異なるURLで登録されていたということなので、
-		// URLを更新する
+	  // If the URL is different, it means that the same image was previously
+	  // registered with a different URL, so update the URL
 		if (file.url !== image.url) {
 			await DriveFiles.update({ id: file.id }, {
 				url: image.url,
@@ -55,14 +55,14 @@ export async function createImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promi
 }
 
 /**
- * Imageを解決します。
+ * Resolve Image.
  *
- * Misskeyに対象のImageが登録されていればそれを返し、そうでなければ
- * リモートサーバーからフェッチしてMisskeyに登録しそれを返します。
+ * If the target Image is registered in Calckey, return it, otherwise
+ * Fetch from remote server, register with Calckey and return it.
  */
 export async function resolveImage(actor: CacheableRemoteUser, value: any): Promise<DriveFile> {
 	// TODO
 
-	// リモートサーバーからフェッチしてきて登録
+	// Fetch from remote server and register
 	return await createImage(actor, value);
 }
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts
index d5db2a2cf..64dc965ec 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/note.ts
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ export function validateNote(object: any, uri: string) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Noteをフェッチします。
+ * Fetch Notes.
  *
- * Misskeyに対象のNoteが登録されていればそれを返します。
+ * If the target Note is registered in Calckey, it will be returned.
  */
 export async function fetchNote(object: string | IObject): Promise<Note | null> {
 	const dbResolver = new DbResolver();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export async function fetchNote(object: string | IObject): Promise<Note | null>
 }
 
 /**
- * Noteを作成します。
+ * Create a Note.
  */
 export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, silent = false): Promise<Note | null> {
 	if (resolver == null) resolver = new Resolver();
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 
 	logger.info(`Creating the Note: ${note.id}`);
 
-	// 投稿者をフェッチ
+	// Fetch author
 	const actor = await resolvePerson(getOneApId(note.attributedTo), resolver) as CacheableRemoteUser;
 
-	// 投稿者が凍結されていたらスキップ
+	// Skip if author is suspended.
 	if (actor.isSuspended) {
 		throw new Error('actor has been suspended');
 	}
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 	let visibility = noteAudience.visibility;
 	const visibleUsers = noteAudience.visibleUsers;
 
-	// Audience (to, cc) が指定されてなかった場合
+	// If Audience (to, cc) was not specified
 	if (visibility === 'specified' && visibleUsers.length === 0) {
-		if (typeof value === 'string') {	// 入力がstringならばresolverでGETが発生している
-			// こちらから匿名GET出来たものならばpublic
+		if (typeof value === 'string') {	// If the input is a string, GET occurs in resolver
+			// Public if you can GET anonymously from here
 			visibility = 'public';
 		}
 	}
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 	const apMentions = await extractApMentions(note.tag);
 	const apHashtags = await extractApHashtags(note.tag);
 
-	// 添付ファイル
+	// Attachments
 	// TODO: attachmentは必ずしもImageではない
 	// TODO: attachmentは必ずしも配列ではない
 	// Noteがsensitiveなら添付もsensitiveにする
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 			.filter(image => image != null)
 		: [];
 
-	// リプライ
+	// Reply
 	const reply: Note | null = note.inReplyTo
 		? await resolveNote(note.inReplyTo, resolver).then(x => {
 			if (x == null) {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 		})
 		: null;
 
-	// 引用
+	// Quote
 	let quote: Note | undefined | null;
 
 	if (note._misskey_quote || note.quoteUrl) {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 
 	const cw = note.summary === '' ? null : note.summary;
 
-	// テキストのパース
+	// Text parsing
 	let text: string | null = null;
 	if (note.source?.mediaType === 'text/x.misskeymarkdown' && typeof note.source?.content === 'string') {
 		text = note.source.content;
@@ -265,23 +265,23 @@ export async function createNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver, s
 }
 
 /**
- * Noteを解決します。
+ * Resolve Note.
  *
- * Misskeyに対象のNoteが登録されていればそれを返し、そうでなければ
- * リモートサーバーからフェッチしてMisskeyに登録しそれを返します。
+ * If the target Note is registered in Calckey, return it, otherwise
+ * Fetch from remote server, register with Calckey and return it.
  */
 export async function resolveNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Note | null> {
 	const uri = typeof value === 'string' ? value : value.id;
 	if (uri == null) throw new Error('missing uri');
 
-	// ブロックしてたら中断
+	// Abort if origin host is blocked
 	const meta = await fetchMeta();
 	if (meta.blockedHosts.includes(extractDbHost(uri))) throw new StatusError('host blocked', 451, `host ${extractDbHost(uri)} is blocked`);
 
 	const unlock = await getApLock(uri);
 
 	try {
-		//#region このサーバーに既に登録されていたらそれを返す
+		//#region Returns if already registered with this server
 		const exist = await fetchNote(uri);
 
 		if (exist) {
@@ -293,9 +293,9 @@ export async function resolveNote(value: string | IObject, resolver?: Resolver):
 			throw new StatusError('cannot resolve local note', 400, 'cannot resolve local note');
 		}
 
-		// リモートサーバーからフェッチしてきて登録
-		// ここでuriの代わりに添付されてきたNote Objectが指定されていると、サーバーフェッチを経ずにノートが生成されるが
-		// 添付されてきたNote Objectは偽装されている可能性があるため、常にuriを指定してサーバーフェッチを行う。
+		// Fetch from remote server and register
+		// If the attached `Note` Object is specified here instead of the uri, the note will be generated without going through the server fetch.
+		// Since the attached Note Object may be disguised, always specify the uri and fetch it from the server.
 		return await createNote(uri, resolver, true);
 	} finally {
 		unlock();
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
index 21ef83af7..b23479be0 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ function validateActor(x: IObject, uri: string): IActor {
 }
 
 /**
- * Personをフェッチします。
+ * Fetch a Person.
  *
- * Misskeyに対象のPersonが登録されていればそれを返します。
+ * If the target Person is registered in Calckey, it will be returned.
  */
 export async function fetchPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<CacheableUser | null> {
 	if (typeof uri !== 'string') throw new Error('uri is not string');
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ export async function fetchPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Cac
 	const cached = uriPersonCache.get(uri);
 	if (cached) return cached;
 
-	// URIがこのサーバーを指しているならデータベースからフェッチ
+	// Fetch from the database if the URI points to this server
 	if (uri.startsWith(config.url + '/')) {
 		const id = uri.split('/').pop();
 		const u = await Users.findOneBy({ id });
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export async function fetchPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Cac
 		return u;
 	}
 
-	//#region このサーバーに既に登録されていたらそれを返す
+	//#region Returns if already registered with this server
 	const exist = await Users.findOneBy({ uri });
 
 	if (exist) {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ export async function fetchPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Cac
 }
 
 /**
- * Personを作成します。
+ * Create Person.
  */
 export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<User> {
 	if (typeof uri !== 'string') throw new Error('uri is not string');
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Us
 	} catch (e) {
 		// duplicate key error
 		if (isDuplicateKeyValueError(e)) {
-			// /users/@a => /users/:id のように入力がaliasなときにエラーになることがあるのを対応
+			// /users/@a => /users/:id Corresponds to an error that may occur when the input is an alias like
 			const u = await Users.findOneBy({
 				uri: person.id,
 			});
@@ -235,10 +235,10 @@ export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Us
 
 	usersChart.update(user!, true);
 
-	// ハッシュタグ更新
+	// Hashtag update
 	updateUsertags(user!, tags);
 
-	//#region アバターとヘッダー画像をフェッチ
+	//#region Fetch avatar and header image
 	const [avatar, banner] = await Promise.all([
 		person.icon,
 		person.image,
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ export async function createPerson(uri: string, resolver?: Resolver): Promise<Us
 	user!.bannerId = bannerId;
 	//#endregion
 
-	//#region カスタム絵文字取得
+	//#region Get custom emoji
 	const emojis = await extractEmojis(person.tag || [], host).catch(e => {
 		logger.info(`extractEmojis: ${e}`);
 		return [] as Emoji[];
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts
index 94a50d4f7..b87d6ac1b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/question.ts
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ export async function extractPollFromQuestion(source: string | IObject, resolver
 export async function updateQuestion(value: any, resolver?: Resolver) {
 	const uri = typeof value === 'string' ? value : value.id;
 
-	// URIがこのサーバーを指しているならスキップ
+	// Skip if URI points to this server
 	if (uri.startsWith(config.url + '/')) throw new Error('uri points local');
 
-	//#region このサーバーに既に登録されているか
+	//#region Already registered with this server?
 	const note = await Notes.findOneBy({ uri });
 	if (note == null) throw new Error('Question is not registed');
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts
index a3c10ba94..d79043aaf 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/perform.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { updatePerson } from './models/person.js';
 export default async (actor: CacheableRemoteUser, activity: IObject): Promise<void> => {
 	await performActivity(actor, activity);
 
-	// ついでにリモートユーザーの情報が古かったら更新しておく
+	// Update the remote user information if it is out of date
 	if (actor.uri) {
 		if (actor.lastFetchedAt == null || Date.now() - actor.lastFetchedAt.getTime() > 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24) {
 			setImmediate(() => {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
index 72c24676b..ec6d2e6c9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export async function insertFollowingDoc(followee: { id: User['id']; host: User[
 			followerId: follower.id,
 		});
 
-		// 通知を作成
+		// Create notification that request was accepted.
 		createNotification(follower.id, 'followRequestAccepted', {
 			notifierId: followee.id,
 		});
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept-all.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept-all.ts
index 5fbb549e0..31f3926c0 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept-all.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept-all.ts
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ import { User } from '@/models/entities/user.js';
 import { FollowRequests, Users } from '@/models/index.js';
 
 /**
- * 指定したユーザー宛てのフォローリクエストをすべて承認
- * @param user ユーザー
+ * Approve all follow requests for the specified user
+ * @param user User.
  */
 export default async function(user: { id: User['id']; host: User['host']; uri: User['host']; inbox: User['inbox']; sharedInbox: User['sharedInbox']; }) {
 	const requests = await FollowRequests.findBy({
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/suspend-user.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/suspend-user.ts
index e96b06a35..83fc079fd 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/suspend-user.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/suspend-user.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export async function doPostSuspend(user: { id: User['id']; host: User['host'] }
 	publishInternalEvent('userChangeSuspendedState', { id: user.id, isSuspended: true });
 
 	if (Users.isLocalUser(user)) {
-		// 知り得る全SharedInboxにDelete配信
+		// Send Delete to all known SharedInboxes
 		const content = renderActivity(renderDelete(`${config.url}/users/${user.id}`, user));
 
 		const queue: string[] = [];